Right before the Shire River meets the mighty Zambezi, in
the Southern tip of Malawi, lay two of the poorest district in the country.
This beautiful valley, dotted with baobab and sugar cane plantations, has very
erratic weather, ranging from dry spells and droughts to flash floods.
Traditionally, development agencies have used seed
distribution to help farmers mitigate the impact of these climatic shocks.
Using the ‘Seeds and Tools’ methodology, farmers were given seeds based on what
the development agency considered most appropriate. Unfortunately, this approach
was based on a flawed assumption – that farmers are passive recipients of seed,
instead of dynamic agents relying on a combination of formal and farmer
networks to acquire seeds.
‘Seeds and Tool’ approach was therefore plagued with many
problems: farmers often consumed (instead of plant) the distributed seeds, or
tried to sell them in other markets. More troubling, given that these seeds may
not have been adapted to the particular ecological conditions of a community,
crops failed completely, leaving farmers worse off.
A much better alternative is the Seed and Voucher Fairs (SVFs).
The principle of giving vulnerable farmers seed to help them cope with the
losses from climatic shocks remains the same. SVFs, however, are fundamentally
different in that they empower farmers by giving them a choice. Instead of distributing
seeds from the formal sector, SVFs provide farmers with vouchers. Each voucher
has a monetary value that farmers use to redeem seeds from local and regional suppliers.
And it’s the availability of these local seed suppliers what makes the fairs
successful, as they act as marketplaces where farmers can chose the bundle of
seeds that best fit their preferences (soil, area, taste, market etc.).
The pictures in this post are from a recent SVFs conducted in
the Chikwawa district. Farmers in some areas of the district had lost part of
their crop to heavy rain and flash floods
. Using the SVFs, we distributed seeds
for the winter season which starts in April and ends in June/July. A successful winter season would help farmers compensate
for some of the losses from the last harvest.
Farmers rely on residual moisture and irrigation to grow crops during the winter season. The cold climate of April-June reduces
evaporation rates, providing enough moisture for plants to develop. There are two
important elements for a good winter harvest: first, farmers need to ensure the
soil has enough mulch and organic material to retain water in the soil. Conservation
agriculture provides a good toolkit on how to do this, using maize stover and
other crop residues. Second, because the winter season is shorter, farmer need
short-maturity seeds that reduce the need for irrigation when it starts to get
hot and residual moisture is used up.
During the fair, we brought local vendors of sweet potatoes,
maize, groundnuts, beans, cowpeas, fruit trees, and vegetables (Mpiru –
Mustard, Bonongwe – Amaranth, and Kamganje – Rape). Each farmer received
vouchers to exchange for 10kb bundles of Orange-Flesh Sweet Potatoes, 5kg of
Maize, beans, and cowpeas, 2 mango trees, and small package of vegetable seeds.
While SVFs are a much better alternative than ‘Seeds and Tool’,
this approach is logistically more complicated. Establishing the right price
for the vouchers, identifying the venues, mobilizing the community, and working
with vendors are all things that require a lot of planning with multiple
stakeholders. Last minute problems are bound to happen. During one of the
fairs, one vendor ran out of sweet potato vines and another one didn't show up.
In another fair, the extension agents told farmers to show up at a different
time for the fair. We also had problem with farmers standing in line for way too long. In any case, these are minor issues that can be adequately addressed – we
told farmers to pick up the maize and sweet potato at another nearby fair and
we streamlined the process to redeem the coupons in the subsequent fairs.
Farmers in this part of Malawi continue to grow at subsistence
and sub-subsistence
levels. They have few incentives to increase productivity as
market links are weak and farm investment too expensive for farmers to afford.
And while SVFs do little to address these underlying problems, the fairs help
farmers ensure they can at least cope with the immediate damage caused by harsh
weather. Having enough food to feed their family is the first step in
supporting farmers as they transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture
production.
Useful resources:
IFPRI just published it flagship report examines the major food policy issues, developments, and decisions of 2013. It puts into perspective the year’s food policy successes and setbacks, and suggests how to advance policies that will improve the food situation for poor people in developing countries.